Running out of RAM in Ubuntu? Enable ZRAM

Whenever I ran out of RAM on a Linux system, I used to enable swap memory using the storage device to provide an extra bit of memory.  The main advantage is that it’s does not require extra hardware, but come at the cost of much slower access, and potential issues or wear and tear, unless you only use it temporary.

This week-end, I compiled Arm Compute Library on ODROID-XU4Q board, and the first time it crashed because the system ran out of memory, so I enable swap on the eMMC flash module to restart and complete the build successfully. However, I was told it would have been better to enable ZRAM instead.

So what is ZRAM? Wikipedia explains:

zram, formerly called compcache, is a Linux kernel module for creating a compressed block device in RAM, i.e. a RAM disk, but with on-the-fly “disk” compression.

So it’s similar to swap, expect it operates in RAM and compresses memory. It’s also possible to combine it with swap, but if you have to go that route, it may be worth considering upgrading the memory, or changing to a more powerful hardware platform. ZRAM support has been considered stable since Linux 3.14 released in early 2014.

Before showing how to use ZRAM, let’s check the memory in my board.


That’s about 2GB RAM, and swap is disabled. In theory, enabling ZRAM in Ubuntu or Debian should be one simple step:


Installation went just fine, but it did not enable ZRAM. The first thing to check is whether ZRAM is enabled in the Linux kernel by checking out /proc/config or /proc/config.gz:


ZRAM is built as a module. I tried different things to enable it and check, but I was not sure where to go at this stage at it was almost time to go to bed. What’s usually the best course of action in this case? Stay awake and work overnight to fix the issue? Nope! Rookie mistake. Years of experience have taught me, you just turn off your equipment, and have a good night sleep.

Morning time, breakfast, walk to office, turn on computer and board, et voilà:


Success! So I would just have had to reboot the board to make it work the previous day… So we have 1GB ZRAM swap enabled across 8 block devices. I assume those are used as needed to avoid eating RAM necessary.

So let’s try to use that swap by making it a bit more challenging that just building the Arm Compute Library, by running a few programs like Chromium and Thunderbird, and monitoring RAM usage at the same time with htop.

At the final stage we can see 506 MB “swap” is used, with 1.11GB memory, probably since the rest of the RAM is used for ZRAM. I was however wrong in myinitial assumption that ZRAM block devices would be used one by one as needed, as all eight devices were show to hold about the same amount of data:


That’s the output of free for reference:


The good news is that the build could complete just fine with ZRAM, even with Chromium and Firefox running in the background.

ZRAM requires compressing and decompressing data constantly, and reduces the amount of uncompressed RAM your system can access, so it may actually decrease system performance. However, if you run out of RAM frequently or for a specific application it may be worth enabling it. I just needed ZRAM for a single build, so I could disable it now by removing it:


However, you may also consider tweaking it by using zramctl utility:


Running zramctl without parameters allows use to see which how much actual compressed / uncompressed data is used per block:


zramswap service is handled by systemd in Ubuntu 18.04  and you could check out /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/zram-config.service to understand how it is setup and control it at boot time too. For example, we can see one block device is set per processor. Exynos 5422 is an eight core processor, and that’s why we have 8 block devices here. Any other tips are appreciated in comments.

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43 Comments
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tkaiser
tkaiser
6 years ago

Switching to lz4 from lzo when possible is always a good idea since slightly faster compression times but magnitudes faster decompression. Also limiting zram devices to count of big cores on a big.LITTLE system could be a good idea. In my tests an A15 at 2 GHz was almost three times faster than an A7 at 1.4 GHz. On the other hand these zram devices are just used as normal swap devices and the kernel treats these devices as being slow as hell since historically swap ends up on HDDs that show a horribly low random IO performance. So the… Read more »

Su Zet
Su Zet
6 years ago

Is there a reason why zram is not enabled by default on Armbian based on Debian stretch? I think it will be very useful especially for my OrangePi One with 512 MB RAM running OpenHab/InfluxDB/Grafana at same time.

tkaiser
tkaiser
6 years ago

It’s only active on recent Ubuntu Xenial builds (since on Ubuntu it’s simply adding the zram-config package to default package list and you’re done). I added a generic zram activation handler but other devs objected for reasons I partially forgot in the meantime.

But all you need is to edit line 422 in /etc/init.d/armhwinfo, remove the ‘#’ sign there and reboot:

https://github.com/armbian/build/blob/23a81c22a28264abb627c590ce6e29776a22b091/packages/bsp/common/etc/init.d/armhwinfo#L422

Su Zet
Su Zet
6 years ago

Thanks a lot for explanation.

Su Zet
Su Zet
6 years ago

Just as feedback as I tried your tweak and it worked but unfortunately the command of changing the compression algorithm (echo lz4 >/sys/block/zram${i}/comp_algorithm 2>/dev/null) is not working:

zram: Can’t change algorithm for initialized device

Suren Zadurian
Suren Zadurian
6 years ago

Thanks for reply but this error pops up from dmesg during the creation of zram devices done by the script armhwinfo tkaiser has pointed out. And in the script the creation of the devices is definitely after the algorithm selection. Anyway I’m glad that currently I have almost half of the memory free but I’m not sure if the kernel does not limit the caching to RAM assuming that the swap is slow which can lead to slower response of the system (this is not so critical as my processes are not so fast changing)

tkaiser
tkaiser
6 years ago

Unfortunately most of this zram stuff is kernel dependent (with Armbian we try to support +30 different kernels for the various boards but with some of them some things simply don’t work or work differently when trying to adjust things from userspace).

tkaiser
tkaiser
6 years ago

Two important notes wrt activating zram on Armbian (when not using Armbian’s Ubuntu variant where zram is enabled by default now).

1) It’s important to remove/comment the last line in /etc/sysctl.conf that reads ‘vm.swappiness=0’. This will restore default vm.swappiness (60) which is important to get a performant system when swapping to zram occurs.

2) At least with mainline kernel ‘comp_algorithm’ has to be defined prior to ‘disksize’ otherwise lzo remains active.

CampGareth
CampGareth
6 years ago

Ha, I just found this out by accident. I was about to start compiling large packages and thought zram would help but wouldn’t you know it, it’s installed by default on whichever armbian version I flashed! Thanks tkaiser, that’s allowed me to run two Make threads comfortably rather than one saving unknown but large amounts of time.

Eversor
Eversor
6 years ago

Agreed on limiting the number of zram devices. It is usually enough to use half the cores and I would not go further than 2, as to not impact latency when ZRAM is doing it’s thing.
I’ve used 1/2 A15 and for Ivy Bridge and been very happy thus far.

tonny
tonny
6 years ago

Nice info! Thanks!

tkaiser
tkaiser
6 years ago

The most common misunderstanding wrt zram is SBC users thinking zram would automagically reduce the amount of RAM available. People see half of the RAM assigned as swap via zram (as above, that’s Ubuntu’s default) and think now they could only use half of the RAM any more. It’s not how this works. In the above example still 1.95 GB RAM is available. At one point in time 1.11 GB is used while 506 MB are reported as being swapped out. By looking at the zramctl output we see that there’s an actual 1:3 compression ratio so zram uses ~170… Read more »

C D
C D
6 years ago

note:

cat file.gz | grep something

may be shortened to

zgrep something myfile.gz

Catnip
Catnip
6 years ago

Every time there is a “needless use of cat”, the brain of a kitten implodes.

Tesla
Tesla
6 years ago

ZRAM is great, I am using it for over a year on 1 GB VPS and several SBCs. I confirm than lz4 for swapping works better than lzo. I also found that there is no need for several zram devices, that advise is a remnant from the times when zram code was not multithreaded. I create ZRAM swap alongside disk swap but give it higher priority and set vm.swappiness=100 to encourage it’s use. The kernel switches to disk swap when no more zram can be filled. I set it’s size 3x of RAM as my measurements also show 3x compression… Read more »

Tesla
Tesla
6 years ago

I thought you might fancy some stats:
1 GB VPS hosting ~10 websites with nginx, mysql and php uses 732 MB of ZRAM swap that is compressed to 195 MB (3.75x ratio). Reading ~70 KB/sec and writing ~12 KB/sec to ZRAM does not impact CPU at all. The system still has ~150 MB of disk cache and does ~200 read op/sec from SSD for ~30 sql queries/sec

Rocket
Rocket
6 years ago

but you didnt show your syntax for changing lzo to lz4 or setting a higher priority. You also didnt say how you changed to or grouped (in my case 4 instances of zram [4 core CPU]) into only one instance.

Tesla
Tesla
6 years ago

Yes, that would be too much for a comment. Basically it is all in manuals and searchable on the web. Do not be lazy 😉

Rocket
Rocket
6 years ago

It’s not about laziness, its about completeness. I am book marking this article to share with others and would be nice to say “Everything is explained” instead of bookmarking all those other places and linking them to here for people to run all over the web. I’m a firm believer in KISS and not giving people a trail to follow that get lost or give up before reaching the end. 🙂

Tesla
Tesla
6 years ago

Here is a good start: https://gist.github.com/sultanqasim/79799883c6b81c710e36a38008dfa374
Tune it to your liking. I still believe that the only way to comprehension is independent research 🙂

Drone
Drone
6 years ago

@Tesla said: “Yes, that would be too much for a comment. Basically it is all in manuals and searchable on the web. Do not be lazy… I still believe that the only way to comprehension is independent research.” Yeah, now everyone else has to waste his or her time to duplicate the work you already did while you hide the solution because you think you know what is best for us. Or maybe you were just lazy and didn’t properly document your work, and this is a way for you to avoid admitting it. I sure hope it’s the latter… Read more »

CampGareth
CampGareth
6 years ago

this person’s posted a comment on a website, they’re not writing up a how-to, they’re sharing anecdotal information.

Rocket
Rocket
6 years ago

if that were true, the author should not have included the hashtags How-to and Tutorial on this post at all.

theguyuk
theguyuk
6 years ago

Rocket you have to remember the clique here have contempt for users.

CampGareth
CampGareth
6 years ago

Aaah, thread over everyone, this person’s a regular troll on how-tos if this comment didn’t make it easy enough to tell:
modernromantix.com/2016/04/02/help-my-boyfriend-is-an-internet-troll-part-1/#comment-207

Also by this user, “You forgot to mention sudo is required”:
tecmint.com/cheat-command-line-cheat-sheet-for-linux-users/comment-page-3/#comment-753513

And “This guide about virtual machines, you didn’t mention virtual machines!”:
brianlinkletter.com/installing-debian-linux-in-a-virtualbox-virtual-machine/#comment-74904

mehmet
mehmet
6 years ago

> I also found that there is no need for several zram devices, that advise is a remnant from the times when zram code was not multithreaded.

Problem is you can never know which ancient version of ZRAM code will be running in those pesky vendor kernels so it is always a good idea to be on the safe side and create several zram devices.

William Barath
6 years ago

Couple things to note about ZRAM: 1) as you use more, there’s less and less room to keep inode cache and demand-paged shared files (mostly libraries and shared copies of forked daemons) in memory, so those demand-paged files are being evicted more and more often, resulting in increased read bandwidth to the system disk. 2) if you enable both ZRAM swap and disk swap, generally people apply the ZRAM swap at a higher priority so it gets used first. The problem is that the disk swap will only get used AFTER the ZRAM is full, and then the disk swap… Read more »

back2future
back2future
6 years ago

While feeling scheduler priority settings (time dependency) for ram organisation is just some kind of work around for not knowing what files are used intensively, it seems more interesting having a top like statistics tool, that would show locally file TYPES accessed and their time share of usage?
This knowledge followed by automation should improve swap prefetch (advanced anticipatory paging) and (configurable) page routing to ram or swap?

tkaiser
tkaiser
6 years ago

Since I never saw any benchmark comparing swap on zram vs. physical storage… I did one myself on an SBC platform: https://forum.armbian.com/topic/5565-zram-vs-swap/?do=findComment&comment=54487 NanoPi Fire3, most probably the most powerful, inexpensive and small SBC available today (octa-core A53 at 1.6 GHz for the same price you are charged for a lousy Raspberry Pi). 8 CPU cores, just 1 GB DRAM and cnxsoft’s try to build the ‘Arm Compute Library’ with OpenCL Samples. Zram finishes the job in 47 minutes while swap on HDD takes 9.5 hours. The ‘average SD card’ shows even crappier random IO performance so in such situations compiling… Read more »

tkaiser
tkaiser
6 years ago

12 minutes with both zram and swap on eMMC? Well, the eMMC modules sold by Hardkernel are really fast especially when it’s about random I/O performance but the ODROID-XU4 also has a SoC consisting of 4 fast A15 cores combined with 4 slow A7 ones while the S5P6818 SoC on my Fire3 only has 8 slow A53 cores. I also realized now that I ran with just 1.4 GHz and not 1.6 GHz as I thought so 12 minutes vs. 47 minutes is also the result of the 4 fast A15 cores running at up to 2 GHz compared to… Read more »

tkaiser
tkaiser
6 years ago

> I think the difference on ODROID-XU4 will be marginal, because I managed to build the Arm Compute Library without any zram nor swap later on. Right, I almost forgot that running a 64-bit userland requires much much more RAM compared to 32-bit. At the time when I observed 2.3 GB swap being used RAM usage was reported as 950 MB. Given an average compression ratio of 3.5:1 as my few samples showed then these 2.3 GB zram swap would’ve used 650 MB of physical RAM so the compilation needed 2.6 GB in total at that time while your 32-bit… Read more »

back2future
back2future
6 years ago

“compcache” by Wheeler && team could be a source for other benchmark done before zram grew into mainline kernel. Zram has been available since more than 10 yrs now. So users are to blame for their steadiness, to some extent, but not only, like single board computers did a huge performance step during last 5 yrs and cpu power is needed for compression and decompression. Thx for Your numbers.
Maybe this will support a more appropriate (configurable) ram organisation, so that least updated pages could be swapped to lower bandwidth storage if necessary.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_replacement_algorithm#Least_recently_used

stuart naylor
5 years ago

zram-config-0.5 is broke and totally illogical. It overwrites any previous config as I founf out with log2ram but then just goes from bad to worse in its implementation. For the sys-admin the mem_limit is the control of actual memory usage whilst drive_size is just estimated uncompressed size and has a memory overhead of 0.1% of driver_size so just dont be too optimistic about your compression ration. But the whole dividing into small partitions and setting drive size to 50% total mem / cores is fubar to say the least. I started by only wanting to have log2ram with a zram… Read more »

tkaiser
tkaiser
5 years ago

zram-config is an optional Ubuntu package from 7 years ago that went mostly unmaintained since then. Back in 2012 there was no support for multiple streams with one zram device and as such this simple script creates as much zram devices as CPU cores (see also @mehmet’s remark above). Same goes with all the other ‘logic’ therein. It represents what was possible with zram in 2012. Things evolve and as such setting up zram has to be adjusted. That’s why I just added to Armbian’s zram setup the optional possibility to specify a backing device since as per the documentation… Read more »

stuart naylor
5 years ago

The zram writeback idle cache is something I left out as was mainly aiming at IoT / Pi devices to use zram as an alternative to flash because of block wear whilst gaining its lower latency higher speed advantages. I had a look at the write back and you can provide a daily limit but in the application in mind writing back out to flash seemed counter intuitive to the reason to employ especially because of swappiness it hardly ever seems to fill. I have been hitting the ubuntu package pages hard and stating that this package is massively outdated… Read more »

Morosan Valentin
4 years ago

When i install Linux mint( 19.3 tricia-64b), i turn off the swap, but i see again in my print screen #nr2 🙂 is a real swap…make on SSD ? or is zram, rename to “swap” ? http://pix.toile-libre.org/upload/original/1592641170.png “swap..is green at syinfo app…:P
 

Morosan Valentin
4 years ago

merci / thanks

CarlosVGonzalez
CarlosVGonzalez
4 years ago

When you did “sudo apt install zram-config” you just installed the script, to make it run you have to do “sudo systemctl start zram-config” and it will start immediately, the script runs every time you reboot your system, that’s why it ran after.

there’s a tool to benchmark several compression algoritms in your system “lzbench”, keep in mind that you also want fast compression and decompression even if the compression ratio is not the best.

jan
jan
3 years ago

Didn’t work on Ubuntu 21.10

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